A NEW METHOD FOR PLANT BREEDING THROUGH THE USE OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64013/bbasrjlifess.v2023i1.20Keywords:
innovative, embryo rescue, protoplast, somatic hybridization, transgenic, somaclonalAbstract
Plant tissue culture techniques have been created as a novel tool to support plant breeders in crop improvement perspectives as an enabling and developing technology. To improve the accessibility of currently available germplasm, generate new genetic variation for crop improvement, and accomplish goals that are not achievable through traditional breeding methods, these innovative tools can be used to either speed up or increase the efficiency of the breeding process. These include eliminating pathogens from planting materials, removing sexual incompatibility using an embryo rescue technique, producing haploids via anther culture, utilizing protoplast technology for somatic hybridization, utilizing gene transformation in transgenic technology, and, above all, inducing new genetic variability through somaclonal variation and the selection of desired agronomic traits. Therefore, the plant tissue culture method holds great promise for producing exceptional quality plants and selecting beneficial variants in highly productive genotypes that are well-adapted and have improved stress tolerance and disease resistance capacity.
Downloads
References
Acquaah, G. (2009). "Principles of plant genetics and breeding," John Wiley & Sons.
Aloni, R. (2004). The induction of vascular tissues by auxin. In "Plant hormones: biosynthesis, signal transduction, action!", pp. 485-518. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2686-7_22
Amin, Q. A., Wani, T. A., and Nahvi, A. I. (2022). Quinoa is a Gluten-Free, High-Nutrient and Underutilized Crop with a Lot of Processing Possibilities. Agriculture & Food E-Newsletter, 3.
Amiteye, S. (2023). In Vitro Embryo Rescue Techniques and Applications in Hybrid Plant Development. In "Advanced Crop Improvement, Volume 2: Case Studies of Economically Important Crops", pp. 419-456. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26669-0_15
Amos, W., and Harwood, J. (1998). Factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, 177-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0200
Anwar, A., and Kim, J.-K. (2020). Transgenic breeding approaches for improving abiotic stress tolerance: Recent progress and future perspectives. International journal of molecular sciences 21, 2695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082695
Araus, J., Bort, J., Ceccarelli, S., and Grando, S. (1997). Relationship between leaf structure and carbon isotope discrimination in field grown barley. Plant physiology and biochemistry (Paris) 35, 533-541.
Auxcilia, J., and Shabha, N. (2017). Breeding of Fruit and Plantation Crops. Agrimoon publications.
Bairu, M. W., Aremu, A. O., and Van Staden, J. (2011). Somaclonal variation in plants: causes and detection methods. Plant Growth Regulation 63, 147-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-010-9554-x
Bareke, T. (2018). Biology of seed development and germination physiology. Adv. Plants Agric. Res 8, 336-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/apar.2018.08.00335
Begna, T. (2021). Conventional breeding methods widely used to improve self-pollinated crops. International Journal of Research 7, 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-6224.0701001
Bharadwaj, D. N. (2016). Sustainable agriculture and plant breeding. Advances in plant breeding strategies: agronomic, abiotic and biotic stress traits, 3-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22518-0_1
Bhojwani, S. S., and Dantu, P. K. (2013a). Culture Media. Plant Tissue Culture: An Introductory Text, 27-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1026-9_3
Bhojwani, S. S., and Dantu, P. K. (2013b). "Plant tissue culture: an introductory text," Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1026-9
Bidabadi, S. S., and Jain, S. M. (2020). Cellular, molecular, and physiological aspects of in vitro plant regeneration. Plants 9, 702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060702
Biswas, P., and Kumar, N. (2023). Application of Molecular Markers for the Assessment of Genetic Fidelity of In Vitro Raised Plants: Current Status and Future Prospects. Molecular Marker Techniques: A Potential Approach of Crop Improvement, 233-256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1612-2_12
Bradbeer, J. (2013). "Seed dormancy and germination," Springer Science & Business Media.
Bradshaw, J. E. (2017). Plant breeding: past, present and future. Euphytica 213, 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-016-1815-y
Bridgen, M. P. (1994). A review of plant embryo culture. HortScience 29, 1243-1246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1243
Brown, D., and Thorpe, T. (1995). Crop improvement through tissue culture. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 11, 409-415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00364616
Chandran, H., Meena, M., Barupal, T., and Sharma, K. (2020). Plant tissue culture as a perpetual source for production of industrially important bioactive compounds. Biotechnology reports 26, e00450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00450
Choo, T., Reinbergs, E., and Kasha, K. (1985). Use of haploids in breeding barley. Plant breeding reviews 3, 219-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118061008.ch5
Collin, H. A., and Dix, P. (1990). Culture Systems and Selection Procedures.
Cooper, D., and Brink, R. (1940). Somatoplastic sterility as a cause of seed failure after interspecific hybridization. Genetics 25, 593. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/25.6.593
Croll, D., Wille, L., Gamper, H. A., Mathimaran, N., Lammers, P. J., Corradi, N., and Sanders, I. R. (2008). Genetic diversity and host plant preferences revealed by simple sequence repeat and mitochondrial markers in a population of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. New Phytologist 178, 672-687. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02381.x
da Silva Dias, J. C. (2015). Biodiversity and plant breeding as tools for harmony between modern agriculture production and the environment. Molecular approaches to genetic diversity, 1-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/60080
Davey, M. R., Anthony, P., Power, J. B., and Lowe, K. C. (2005). Plant protoplasts: status and biotechnological perspectives. Biotechnology advances 23, 131-171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2004.09.008
de Almeida, M., Graner, É. M., Brondani, G. E., de Oliveira, L. S., Artioli, F. A., de Almeida, L. V., Leone, G. F., Baccarin, F. J. B., de Oliveira Antonelli, P., and Cordeiro, G. M. (2015). Plant morphogenesis: theorical bases. Advances in Forestry Science 2, 13-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34062/afs.v2i1.2363
Devaux, P., and Kasha, K. (2009). Overview of barley doubled haploid production. Advances in haploid production in higher plants, 47-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8854-4_3
Duesberg, P., and Rasnick, D. (2000). Aneuploidy, the somatic mutation that makes cancer a species of its own. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton 47, 81-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0169(200010)47:2<81::AID-CM1>3.0.CO;2-#
Dwivedi, S. L., Britt, A. B., Tripathi, L., Sharma, S., Upadhyaya, H. D., and Ortiz, R. (2015). Haploids: constraints and opportunities in plant breeding. Biotechnology advances 33, 812-829. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.001
Eeckhaut, T., Lakshmanan, P. S., Deryckere, D., Van Bockstaele, E., and Van Huylenbroeck, J. (2013). Progress in plant protoplast research. Planta 238, 991-1003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-013-1936-7
Eeckhaut, T., Van Laere, K., De Riek, J., and Van Huylenbroeck, J. (2006). Overcoming interspecific barriers in ornamental plant breeding. Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant Biotechnology: Advances and Topical Issues, Global Science Books, London, 540-551.
Eng, W.-H., and Ho, W.-S. (2019). Polyploidization using colchicine in horticultural plants: A review. Scientia Horticulturae 246, 604-617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.11.010
Engelmann, F. (2000). Importance of cryopreservation for the conservation of plant genetic resources. Cryopreservation of Tropical Plant Germplasm—Current Research Progress and Applications, IPGRI, Rome & JIRCAS, Tsukuba, 8-20.
Ferreira, M. d. S., Rocha, A. d. J., Nascimento, F. d. S., Oliveira, W. D. d. S., Soares, J. M. d. S., Rebouças, T. A., Morais Lino, L. S., Haddad, F., Ferreira, C. F., and Santos-Serejo, J. A. d. (2023). The Role of Somaclonal Variation in Plant Genetic Improvement: A Systematic Review. Agronomy 13, 730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030730
Frankel, R., and Galun, E. (2012). "Pollination mechanisms, reproduction and plant breeding," Springer Science & Business Media.
García-Gonzáles, R., Quiroz, K., Carrasco, B., and Caligari, P. (2010). Plant tissue culture: Current status, opportunities and challenges. International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 37, 5-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-16202010000300001
Garg, R., and Maheshwari, S. (2023). Synthetic seed technology, application and future trends. EPH-International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research 9, 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53555/eijaer.v9i1.67
Gaspar, T., Kevers, C., Penel, C., Greppin, H., Reid, D. M., and Thorpe, T. A. (1996). Plant hormones and plant growth regulators in plant tissue culture. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant 32, 272-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02822700
Germana, M. A. (2011). Anther culture for haploid and doubled haploid production. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 104, 283-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-010-9852-z
Gilbertson, R. L., and Lucas, W. J. (1996). How do viruses traffic on the ‘vascular highway’? Trends in Plant Science 1, 250-251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1360-1385(96)10029-7
González-Arnao, M. T., Dolce, N., González-Benito, M. E., Castillo Martínez, C. R., and Cruz-Cruz, C. A. (2017). Approaches for in vitro conservation of woody plants germplasm. Biodiversity and conservation of woody plants, 355-419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66426-2_13
Gosal, S. S., and Wani, S. H. (2018). Cell and tissue culture approaches in relation to crop improvement. Biotechnologies of Crop Improvement, Volume 1: Cellular Approaches, 1-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78283-6_1
Grevich, J. J., and Daniell, H. (2005). Chloroplast genetic engineering: recent advances and future perspectives. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 24, 83-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680590935387
Halldorson, M. M. (2012). Grapevine leafroll disease: an econphysiological perspective, Washington State University.
Harding, K. (2004). Genetic integrity of cryopreserved plant cells: a review. CryoLetters 25, 3-22.
Helaly, A. (2017). Strategies for improvement of horticultural crops against abiotic stresses. J Hortic 4, e107.
Henkhaus, N., Bartlett, M., Gang, D., Grumet, R., Jordon‐Thaden, I., Lorence, A., Lyons, E., Miller, S., Murray, S., and Nelson, A. (2020). Plant science decadal vision 2020–2030: Reimagining the potential of plants for a healthy and sustainable future. Plant Direct 4, e00252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.252
Holmes, M. (2018). Somatic hybridization: the rise and fall of a mid-twentieth-century biotechnology. Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 48, 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2018.48.1.1
Hopwood, A. G. (2013). An empirical study of the role of accounting data in performance evaluation. In "Accounting From the Outside (RLE Accounting)", pp. 2-28. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315881959
Humphreys, D. G., and Knox, R. E. (2015). Doubled haploid breeding in cereals. Advances in plant breeding strategies: breeding, biotechnology and molecular tools, 241-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22521-0_9
Hussain, A., Qarshi, I. A., Nazir, H., and Ullah, I. (2012). Plant tissue culture: current status and opportunities. Recent advances in plant in vitro culture 6, 1-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/50568
Jain, S. M. (2010). Mutagenesis in crop improvement under the climate change. Romanian biotechnological letters 15, 88-106.
Jain, S. M., Ahloowalia, B., and Veilleux, R. (1998). Somaclonal variation in crop improvement. In "Somaclonal variation and induced mutations in crop improvement", pp. 203-218. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9125-6_11
Jassim, S. A., and Naji, M. A. (2003). Novel antiviral agents: a medicinal plant perspective. Journal of applied microbiology 95, 412-427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02026.x
Jordan, G. C. (1999). "The diversity of life at the bell," Michigan State University.
Karp, A., and Shield, I. (2008). Bioenergy from plants and the sustainable yield challenge. New Phytologist 179, 15-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02432.x
Kholová, J., Urban, M. O., Cock, J., Arcos, J., Arnaud, E., Aytekin, D., Azevedo, V., Barnes, A. P., Ceccarelli, S., and Chavarriaga, P. (2021). In pursuit of a better world: crop improvement and the CGIAR. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 5158-5179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab226
Landis, T. D., Jacobs, D. F., Wilkinson, K. M., and Luna, T. (1990). Growing media. The container tree nursery manual 2, 41-85.
Lobell, D. B., Cassman, K. G., and Field, C. B. (2009). Crop yield gaps: their importance, magnitudes, and causes. Annual review of environment and resources 34, 179-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.041008.093740
Magray, M. M., Wani, K., Chatto, M., and Ummyiah, H. (2017). Synthetic seed technology. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 6, 662-674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.079
Maheshwari, S., Rashid, A., and Tyagi, A. (1982). Special Paper: Haploids from Pollen Grains—Retrospect and Prospect. American Journal of Botany 69, 865-879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1982.tb13330.x
Maluszynski, M., Ahloowalia, B. S., and Sigurbjörnsson, B. (1995). Application of in vivo and in vitro mutation techniques for crop improvement. Euphytica 85, 303-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0357-2_36
Mather, J. P., and Roberts, P. E. (1998). "Introduction to cell and tissue culture: theory and technique," Springer Science & Business Media.
Mehetre, S., and Aher, A. (2004). Embryo rescue: A tool to overcome incompatible interspecific hybridization in Gossypium Linn.-A review.
Mironova, V., and Xu, J. (2019). A single-cell view of tissue regeneration in plants. Current opinion in plant biology 52, 149-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2019.09.003
Mori, K. (1971). Production of virus-free plants by means of meristem culture. Jpn Agric Res Q 6, 1-7.
Morris, M. L., and Bellon, M. R. (2004). Participatory plant breeding research: opportunities and challenges for the international crop improvement system. Euphytica 136, 21-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EUPH.0000019509.37769.b1
Murovec, J., and Bohanec, B. (2011). Haploids and doubled haploids in plant breeding. Plant Breeding, Dr. Ibrokhim Abdurakhmonov (Ed.).–2012.–Р, 87-106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/29982
Neumann, K.-H., Kumar, A., and Imani, J. (2009). "Plant cell and tissue culture: a tool in biotechnology," Springer.
Niedz, R. Theme 3-In Vitro Culture and Morphogenesis.
Niemann, J., Olender, M., and Wojciechowski, A. (2015). Interspecific hybridization between selected Brassica napus and Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis genotypes through embryo rescue and their evaluation for crossability. BioTechnologia. Journal of Biotechnology Computational Biology and Bionanotechnology 96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2015.54204
Pathirana, R., and Carimi, F. (2022). Management and utilization of plant genetic resources for a sustainable agriculture. Plants 11, 2038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152038
Pence, V. C. (2010). The possibilities and challenges of in vitro methods for plant conservation. Kew Bulletin 65, 539-547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-011-9245-4
Phillips, G. C., and Garda, M. (2019). Plant tissue culture media and practices: an overview. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology-Plant 55, 242-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-019-09983-5
Posselt, U. K. (2009). Breeding methods in cross-pollinated species. In "Fodder crops and amenity grasses", pp. 39-87. Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0760-8_3
Preston-Martin, S., Pike, M. C., Ross, R. K., Jones, P. A., and Henderson, B. E. (1990). Increased cell division as a cause of human cancer. Cancer research 50, 7415-7421.
Ranabhat, G., Dhakal, A., Ranabhat, S., Dhakal, A., and Aryal, R. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW.
Rogo, U., Fambrini, M., and Pugliesi, C. (2023). Embryo Rescue in Plant Breeding. Plants 12, 3106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173106
Roy, B., and Tulsiram, S. D. (2013). Synthetic seed of rice: an emerging avenue of applied biotechnology. Rice Genomics and Genetics 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5376/rgg.2013.04.0004
Sallom, A., Fatahi, R., Zamani, Z., and Ebadi, A. (2021). Optimization in vitro conditions for plum× apricot embryo rescue and modeling some critical factors by using artificial neural networks technology. Scientia Horticulturae 289, 110487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110487
Sharma, H., Crouch, J., Sharma, K., Seetharama, N., and Hash, C. (2002). Applications of biotechnology for crop improvement: prospects and constraints. Plant Science 163, 381-395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00133-4
Shiva, V. (2014). The seed and the earth: Biotechnology and the colonisation of regeneration. In "Close to home", pp. 128-143. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315070452-10
Shivanna, K., and Bahadur, B. (2015). Efficacy of biotechnological approaches to raise wide sexual hybrids. Plant Biology and Biotechnology: Volume II: Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, 347-362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2283-5_17
Shuro, A. R. (2018). Review paper on the role of somatic hybridization in crop improvement. International Journal of Research 4, 1-8.
Soares, N. R., Mollinari, M., Oliveira, G. K., Pereira, G. S., and Vieira, M. L. C. (2021). Meiosis in polyploids and implications for genetic mapping: a review. Genes 12, 1517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12101517
Sohindji, F. S., Sogbohossou, D. E., Zohoungbogbo, H. P., Houdegbe, C. A., and Achigan-Dako, E. G. (2020). Understanding molecular mechanisms of seed dormancy for improved germination in traditional leafy vegetables: An overview. Agronomy 10, 57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010057
Spencer, C. C. A., Deloukas, P., Hunt, S., Mullikin, J., Myers, S., Silverman, B., Donnelly, P., Bentley, D., and McVean, G. (2006). The influence of recombination on human genetic diversity. PLoS genetics 2, e148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.0020148
Stebbins, G. L. (1959). The role of hybridization in evolution. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 103, 231-251.
Storm, J., and Muller, S. (2012). Lipoic acid metabolism of Plasmodium-a suitable drug target. Current pharmaceutical design 18, 3480-3489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/138161212801327266
Suman, S. (2017). Plant tissue culture: A promising tool of quality material production with special reference to micropropagation of banana. Biochemical & Cellular Archives 17.
Suprasanna, P., Ganapathi, T., and Bapat, V. (2006). Synthetic seeds technology. Handbook of Seed Science and technology, 227-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003578369-10
Tadesse, W., Inagaki, M., Tawkaz, S., Baum, M., and Van Ginkel, M. (2012). Recent advances and application of doubled haploids in wheat breeding. African Journal of Biotechnology 11, 15484-15492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.2124
Takeda, S., and Matsuoka, M. (2008). Genetic approaches to crop improvement: responding to environmental and population changes. Nature Reviews Genetics 9, 444-457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2342
Tazeb, A. (2017). Plant tissue culture technique as a novel tool in plant breeding: a review article. Environ Sci [Internet] 17, 111-8.
Thorpe, T. A. (2007). History of plant tissue culture. Molecular biotechnology 37, 169-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-007-0031-3
Trigiano, R. N., and Gray, D. J. (1999). "Plant tissue culture concepts and laboratory exercises," CRC press.
Van de Wiel, C., Schaart, J., Niks, R., and Visser, R. (2010). "Traditional plant breeding methods," Rep. No. 1566-7790. Wageningen UR Plant Breeding.
Volis, S. (2018). Securing a future for China's plant biodiversity through an integrated conservation approach. Plant diversity 40, 91-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2018.04.002
Whaley, D., Damyar, K., Witek, R. P., Mendoza, A., Alexander, M., and Lakey, J. R. (2021). Cryopreservation: an overview of principles and cell-specific considerations. Cell Transplantation 30, 0963689721999617. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963689721999617
Wijerathna-Yapa, A., Ramtekey, V., Ranawaka, B., and Basnet, B. R. (2022). Applications of in vitro tissue culture technologies in breeding and genetic improvement of wheat. Plants 11, 2273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172273
Wijnker, E., van Dun, K., de Snoo, C. B., Lelivelt, C. L., Keurentjes, J. J., Naharudin, N. S., Ravi, M., Chan, S. W., de Jong, H., and Dirks, R. (2012). Reverse breeding in Arabidopsis thaliana generates homozygous parental lines from a heterozygous plant. Nature genetics 44, 467-470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2203
Wright, H. (1980). Commercial hybrid seed production. Hybridization of crop plants, 161-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/1980.hybridizationofcrops.c8
Xie, L., Lv, M.-F., Zhang, H.-M., Yang, J., Li, J.-M., and Chen, J.-P. (2014). Tumours induced by a plant virus are derived from vascular tissue and have multiple intercellular gateways that facilitate virus movement. Journal of Experimental Botany 65, 4873-4886. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru254
Younis, A., Ramzan, F., Ramzan, Y., Zulfiqar, F., Ahsan, M., and Lim, K. B. (2020). Molecular markers improve abiotic stress tolerance in crops: a review. Plants 9, 1374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9101374
Zhang, L. (2000). Identification of Hordeum vulgare-H bulbosum recombinants using cytological and molecular methods, ResearchSpace@ Auckland.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2023 M KHALIL, MS SARWAR, HM TARIQ, MU FAROOQ, MZ ULLAH (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
