Journal of Life and Social Sciences (J. Life. Soc Sci. eISSN: 3006-2675) is a peer reviewed international journal, Articles for Journal of Life and Social Sciences must be original reports of research not simultaneously submitted to or previously published in any other scientific or technical journal and must make a significant contribution to the advancement of knowledge or toward a better understanding of existing scientific concepts. The study reported should be applicable to a sizable geographic area or an area of ecological or economic significance and of potential interest to a significant number of scientists. Each calendar year will have one volume with one issue. Journal of Life and Social Sciences publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved by the authors rather than waiting for a collection of articles for a specific issue. Also, each article is published in its respective category. The journal was started aims to provide a platform of publications following eminent standards to the researchers, scholars, scientists, and professionals of Biological and Social Sciences. The inclusion of multiple academic disciplines helps in pooling the knowledge from two or more fields of study to handle better-suited problems by finding solutions established on new understandings. The authors can submit manuscripts online through OJS System. Authors can submit their manuscripts to the editorial office along with any query about status of manuscript through email at, editor@bbasrjlifess,com
IMPACT OF WATER STRESS ON CUCUMBER GROWTH AND YIELD
Efficient irrigation plays a vital role in the production of vegetables and fruits. Too low or high water application can reduce the growth and development process of plants, which may negatively affect the crop yield. To investigate the fact, a field experiment was carried out to check the growth and yield of cucumber on a sandy soil, under grееnhousе conditions by using a drip irrigation system having a flow rate of drippers 2 liters per hour respectively. The field study was carried out on a random block design (RCBD) having five different rates of irrigation, i.е. (T1 = one time, T2 = two times, T3 = thrее times, T4 = four times, and T5 = five times) application per day, respectively. The results revealed that different levels of irrigation with constant doses of fertilizers brought a positive еffеct in cucumber production. T5 was found to be the most economic and suitable of all the treatments because it took fewer days for the plants to develop flowers (30.385 days), set fruit (9.055 days), mature fruit (6.178 days), produce more fruits per plant (33.746), have the longest fruit (17.812 cm), the heaviest fruit (131.977 g), the maximum vine length (2.73 m), and have the highest fruit yield (57.644 tons ha-1). On all the metrics, however, treatment T1's outcomes were insufficient. The results indicate that, when utilizing a drip irrigation system in a greenhouse, five times a day for five minutes each time, with a 45-minute interval between applications, is optimal for the best potential development and yield of cucumbers.
Copyright (c) 2026 ZA TASEEN, M AHSAN, M KHAN, A IQBAL, SHUH SHERAZI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL NEWS NETWORKS IN CONSTRUCTING GLOBAL SOUTH IDENTITIES
International news networks are central actors in the contemporary production, circulation, and contestation of identities across the global order. This manuscript synthesizes theory and empirical scholarship on how transnational news organisations, primarily those headquartered in the Global North but also emergent southern networks, frame, represent, and thereby help construct collective and individual identities in the Global South. Drawing on scholarship on news values and framing, media imperialism, and contra-flow mediated construction of reality and Global South scholarship, the paper argues that international news networks perform three interrelated functions in identity construction: Agenda-setting and framing that privilege particular problem definitions and storylines. Symbolic positioning that links southern places and peoples to preexisting stereotypes. Provision of arenas for contestation where southern media, publics, and political actors accept, negotiate, or resist external frames. The analysis highlights structural asymmetries in news flows and resources that sustain enduring North-South influence, but also documents contra-flows and southern-origin broadcasters that diversify available narratives. The result is hybrid, contested identity formations in the Global South, shaped by interaction between external mediated imagery and local meaning-making. Implications for research, policy, and media practice include the need for pluralised news infrastructures and audience-centred empirical studies to map how mediated representations translate into lived identity.
Copyright (c) 2025 S SHAH, N PARVEEN, AN DURRANI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
COMPLEXITY OF DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS AND EMERGING TRENDS IN SAFEGUARDING GENETIC INTEGRITY
The production and productivity of sesame face significant challenges due to the absence of high-yielding and regionally adapted cultivars, susceptibility to capsule shattering and inadequate seed retention, and exposure to biotic and abiotic stressors. The lack of modern production techniques and insufficient pre- and post-harvest technologies further contribute to these limitations. As a result, existing and future sesame genetic improvement efforts should incorporate features that increase yield and quality, are adapted to the local environment, are machine-harvestable, and have other industrially crucial food and feed properties for various utilities. This can be accomplished by combining traditional breeding techniques with genetic and genomic tools like mutant breeding and breeding assisted by genomics. In this essay, we will examine the research that has been done on sustainable sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) production, as well as the production challenges and prospects for sesame in Myanmar. An essential crop for nutrition and the economy, sesame is treasured for its oil. With greater health consciousness, the demand for sesame on the global market is expanding. Meanwhile, the market for international trade among the producing nations is very competitive. To overcome these obstacles and identify the crucial limiting variables, an integrated strategy is required for sesame production. The integration of these genomic resources will make it possible to boost sesame production through crop protection and production methods, postharvest procedures, crop improvement initiatives, and capacity building. Since improved seed yield, variety release, and deployment with relevant agronomic qualities, as well as oil content and fatty acid compositions, are all important aspects of sesame breeding, it is important to describe these developments in this review. The paper highlights the economic importance of sesame, its production situation, its main production limits, traditional breeding techniques, genomics-assisted breeding, and how these can all be combined to speed up breeding and create cultivars with desirable features for the market.
Copyright (c) 2023 M SHAHZADI, MZ HAIDER, A SAMI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EXPLORING THE GENETIC RESOURCES OF COTTON
Since its first use in 6000 BC, cotton (genus Gossypium) has become a major natural textile in the global market. Modern tools such as web databases, microsatellite databases, and comparative QTL resources have been developed to evaluate the consequences of human dispersal and selection on different strains of Gossypium. Out of the fifty species of Gossypium, only four have been domesticated, leading to significant changes in lint percentage (40%), fibre length (22%), and boll size. The biggest challenge with domestication is the lack of genetic variety. This is particularly evident in Gossypium hirsutum L. upland cotton cultivars compared to Pima and Egyptian cotton cultivars of Gossypium barbadense. The latter possess a higher degree of genetic diversity due to the introduction of G. hirsutum genes into G. barbadense cultivars. Including genes from all types of Gossypium in cultivated cotton species is very important. The use of genome-wide markers such as Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) enabled the discovery of 16,162 public SSRs and 312 mapped RFLP sequences. These markers were further employed to study various plant traits reported in 26 mapping populations. These included qualitative traits such as fiber quality, yield, leaf and flower shape, trichome density and placement, disease protection, and quantitative traits such as quantitative trait loci (QTLs). After a suitable comparison of the mapped populations, 432 QTLs were associated with 3,475 loci within 11 mapping groups. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of over 1,000 QTLs derived from backcross and hybrid inbred line populations with the same parents revealed the most accurate meta-clusters for fiber color, fineness, and length. The cotton genome has undergone enrichment by incorporating genes obtained from distantly related organisms via diverse transformation techniques.
Copyright (c) 2022 A ABBAS, AU REHMAN, MS BUKHARI, MZ ABBAS (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
THE ROLE OF ABSCISIC ACID IN INDUCING COLD TOLERANCE IN PLANTS
Abscisic acid's (ABA) mode of action and its connections to adaptations to cold have captured plant hormone researchers' attention for over a decade. Abiotic stress is the main risk to agriculture productivity needed to feed the globe in the next decades. A significant phytohormone, ABA, is crucial in responding to various challenges, including high and low temperatures, drought, thermal or heat stress, and heavy metal and radiation stress. Stress situations cause plants to slow down their growth and development, ultimately impacting the output. There is a lot of proof that ABA moves around inside plants. In reaction to dry soil conditions, As a growth hormone ABA is an important biochemical that causes stomata closures. It has been claimed that ABA produced in morphological plant body parts is transferred to seeds. The transport of ABA is a crucial mechanism in physiological responses because it significantly determines an endogenous concentration of ABA action sites. ABA is a significant messenger that is a signaling mediator to control how plants respond adaptively to various environmental stressors. It is described in detail that several plant exposures elevated ABA endogenous levels under cold stress. In our present discussion, the role of ABA in low temperatures will be our main focus. ABA transportation in plants, the biosynthetic pathway of ABA in plants, the Pathway from IPP to ABA Production, the ABA functions in plants, and the location of biosynthesis. The review also deals with the production of ABA in plants under cold stress.
Copyright (c) 2022 A TAHIR, M ASHRAF (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EXPLORING MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS VARIATION IN AMARANTHUS HYBRIDUS: A COMPREHENSIVE MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Amaranthus hybridus, a neglected leafy vegetable, threatens crop plants because it competes for vital resources like water, minerals, and nutrients. Crop yield decreases due to this competition. To handle this issue, an organized study was developed to examine the characteristics of Amaranthus hybridus in three different locations with distinct environments. The result proved a connection between the studied traits, dry weight, fresh weight, plant height, leaf area, leaf width, leaf length, and root length. Notably, there was an impact of plant leaf width on its plant height. Furthermore, the study showed that location was identified as an environment for the vigorous growth and development of Amaranthus hybridus. The study recommended removing or controlling the Amaranthus hybridus population in crop yield to reduce losses. Amaranthus hybridus describes the importance of population managing strategies.
Copyright (c) 2022 H SHAHZADI, A SAMI, MZ HAIDER (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CURRENT SITUATION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF WHEAT PRODUCTION IN PAKISTAN
Wheat is Pakistan's most important staple food crop and is vital to the country's food security and economy. Pakistan is the eighth-largest wheat producer in the world, and wheat contributes about 14% to the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Wheat is a major source of calories and nutrition for the Pakistani population. It is the most widely consumed grain, and Pakistan's per capita wheat consumption is among the highest in the world. The wheat sector also employs a significant number of people in Pakistan. It is estimated that about 45% of the country's population is directly or indirectly associated with agriculture, and wheat is the most important crop grown by small farmers. The wheat sector thus plays a crucial role in poverty alleviation and rural development. Moreover, the wheat sector also significantly impacts Pakistan's economy. Wheat is the largest agricultural commodity traded in the country, and its production and trade contribute to foreign exchange earnings and the country's overall economic growth. Wheat is important to Pakistan's economy, food security, and livelihoods, and its sustainable production and productivity are critical for the country's overall development.
Copyright (c) 2022 A SHAHZAD, A HAMID, A HUSSAIN, M RASHID, M KHAN, Z HUSSAIN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EXPLORING CORRELATION AND REGRESSION AMONG MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM
Artemisia absinthium, a significant perennial shrub, has a rich history of traditional medicinal use for treating various ailments, such as hepatitis, gastritis, jaundice, and aiding in wound healing. It has also demonstrated effectiveness against conditions like heartburn, indigestion, gassiness, stomach discomfort, and anemia. Beyond its medicinal uses, Artemisia absinthium exhibits properties such as being depressive, antifungal, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, and antioxidant. While it is commonly found along highways and in pastures, it is predominantly cultivated in arid, open waste areas. Research indicates a positive correlation between height, fresh weight, dry weight, and moisture content. The study revealed that site two is conducive to the optimal development of Artemisia absinthium, even though it is primarily cultivated in pastureland and farmland. Additionally, the leaf extracts of Artemisia absinthium have been observed to inhibit the germination of needle and thread grass, suggesting its potential as a natural weed control agent. Therefore, removing these invasive weeds in areas where Artemisia absinthium is cultivated is recommended.
Copyright (c) 2022 A NASRULLAH, MZ HAIDER, A SAMI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
DNA repair mechanisms are the cellular safeguards that maintain the integrity of our genetic blueprint, ensuring that the information encoded within the DNA molecule remains intact. This review explores the complex DNA repair mechanism, providing insight into the essential mechanisms that rectify different forms of DNA damage. From the nuanced correction of single-base lesions to the intricate coordination of double-strand break repair, the exploration navigates through the varied pathways cells utilize to defend against the continual threats to their genetic material. Major subjects addressed encompass Base Excision Repair (BER), Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER), Homologous Recombination (HR), and Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ). We unravel the mechanisms, proteins, and regulatory factors that govern these pathways, each tailored to address specific DNA damage, from chemical modifications to UV-induced thymine dimers and double-strand breaks. In an era of rapidly advancing biotechnology, we highlight emerging trends and future directions in DNA repair research, including using CRISPR-based gene editing techniques and developing small molecules that modulate repair pathways for therapeutic purposes.
Copyright (c) 2023 M KHAN, MZ HAIDER, A SAMI (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
USE OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT APPROACHES TO CONTROL SPODOPTERA EXIGUA (BEET ARMYWORM): A REVIEW
The destructive impact of Spodoptera exigua Hübner, commonly known as the beet armyworm, plays a pivotal role in substantial economic losses, amounting to as much as 75% (equivalent to an annual value of US$100 billion). This deleterious impact is attributed to the extensive damage inflicted upon cash crops in Pakistan and across the global crop cultivation areas. In addressing the imperative to mitigate the detrimental effects of the beet armyworm, diverse ecologically sustainable management strategies have been identified. Among these, introducing biocontrol agents emerges as a prominent approach, exploiting the pest's natural enemies to regulate its population. Additionally, modern biotechnological techniques, encompassing RNA interference (RNAi), host-plant resistance (HPR), Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), and Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), have been actively explored as innovative avenues for pest control. Semiochemical interferences, which involve manipulating insect behavior through chemical signaling and applying insect growth regulators (IGRs), further contribute to the resources with a wide range of applications in management strategies. Moreover, integrating environmentally friendly chemicals, such as biopesticides, is crucial in achieving sustainable and eco-friendly pest control.
Copyright (c) 2023 A AHMAD (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
GENETIC VARIABILITY AND INTERRELATION OF PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERS IN CICER ARIETINUM L. AT EARLY STAGE
Cicer arietinum L., commonly known as chickpea, is the 2nd essential legume throughout the globe and is vital for global food security and sustainable practices due to its high nutritional value, adaptability to various climates, and nitrogen fixation. A pot experiment was conducted at the Experimental area of University of the Punjab Lahore to assess the genetic-variability and association of various morphological traits in different chickpea genotypes at the seedling stage during October 2023. A Completely Randomized Block design (RCBD) was applied along with three replications. Following traits were evaluated; shoot-length(SL), root-length(RL), seedling-biomass(SB), R-S ratio, leaf-length(LL), leaf-width(LW), and leaf-area(LA). Standard statistical analysis calculates genetic variability, heritability(Hbs2 ), and genetic advance(GA). Out of the seven characters studied, leaf area, seedling biomass, and root length exhibited a high value of genotypic-coefficients of variation(GCV), heritability, and high genetic-advance, indicating that these parameters depicted potential traits for effective selection to developing desirable chickpea varieties or genotypes. The path analysis revealed that leaf length, root-to-shoot ratio, and seedling biomass had the greatest positive direct effect on seedling length and thus may be considered useful traits for improvement against drought stress tolerance in chickpea.
Copyright (c) 2023 MA AHMAD, MA ULLAH, AROOSA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CHICKPEA GERMPLASMS FOR HERITABILITY AND ASSOCIATION AMONG TRAITS
Cicer arietinum L., commonly known as chickpea, is the 2nd essential legume throughout the globe and is vital for global food security and sustainable practices due to its high nutritional value, adaptability to various climates, and nitrogen fixation. A pot experiment was conducted at the Experimental area of University of the Punjab Lahore to assess the genetic-variability and association of various morphological traits in different chickpea genotypes at the seedling stage during October 2023. A Completely Randomized Block design (RCBD) was used along with three replications. Following traits were evaluated; shoot-length(SL), root-length(RL), seedling-biomass(SB), R-S ratio, leaf-length(LL), leaf-width(LW), and leaf-area(LA). Standard statistical analysis calculates genetic variability, heritability(Hbs2 ), and genetic advance(GA). Out of the seven characters studied, leaf area, seedling biomass, and root length exhibited a high value of genotypic-coefficients of variation(GCV), heritability, and high genetic-advance, indicating that these parameters depicted potential traits for effective selection to developing desirable chickpea varieties or genotypes. The path analysis revealed that leaf length, root-to-shoot ratio, and seedling biomass had the greatest positive direct effect on seedling length and thus may be considered useful traits for improvement against drought stress tolerance in chickpea.
Copyright (c) 2023 MA ULLAH, A FAROOQ, S MUHAMMAD, MA AHMAD, M UZAIR, A RAZA, MNN KALYAR, MHM KALYAR, AROOSA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
UNVEILING GENETIC POTENTIAL FOR CHICKPEA IMPROVEMENT THROUGH HERITABILITY AND TRAIT CORRELATIONS
Pulses, a staple crop in underdeveloped countries, provide protein, dietary fibre, and minerals. Chickpea, a drought-resistant crop, is a significant vegetarian diet in South Asia, providing high-quality protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and trace elements. The University of Punjab Lahore's Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics studied genetic differences in chickpea traits. The research involved five genotypes and found significant genetic differences in leaf area, root length, root shoot length ratio, seedling biomass, leaf width, root length, and leaf area. The study suggests that selective breeding can enhance chickpea types through genetic selection. Five out of seven traits showed high broad-sense heritability estimates, suggesting a significant fraction of phenotypic variation attributed to genetic causes. The study also found that genotypes with longer leaves tend to have wider leaves, potentially influencing total leaf area and photosynthetic capability. Longer leaves may contribute to higher seedling biomass production due to increased light interception and resource acquisition. Longer roots also have higher RSLR values, suggesting effective resource allocation between aboveground and belowground plant components. The minimal association between LA and RL supports independent management of these traits, stressing the need for breeding programs to include both aspects for increasing photosynthetic capacity and root system efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2024 A MALIK, MU RASHEED (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EVOLVING THE CASE STUDY TYPOLOGY IN SOCIAL SCIENCE: EXPLORING DEFINITION, DISCOURSE, AND STRUCTURE FOR ENHANCED RESEARCH
The author suggests a classification for case studies that makes it clear what the subject of the study is (the case itself) and what the object of the study is (the theory or framework used to analyze the topic). This classification also examines the case study's goals and methods, separating theory-centered and descriptive studies. They also differ in the ways they use time and frameworks, such as whether they are comparative or not. The typology shows many acceptable case study combinations and options, giving the researcher much freedom. This way lets you understand and analyze the subject more deeply.
Copyright (c) 2023 S ZAMAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EFFECT OF ZINC TREATMENT ON VARIOUS TRAITS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF CULTIVATED WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM)
This research paper focuses on the effects of zinc treatment on various traits of cultivated wheat varieties in Pakistan. Zinc is a vital nutrient for plant growth, and its deficiency can lead to reduced growth, seed production, and visual symptoms such as chlorosis and necrosis in plants. The study aims to analyze the impact of zinc treatment on traits, including the grain yield, biological yield, plant height, number of grains per spike, number of spikelets per spike, spike length, and number of tillers. A randomized complete block design was employed to evaluate wheat traits experimentally. Multiple wheat varieties were treated with two doses of zinc, and a control group was included. The study site was selected based on soil fertility, irrigation facilities, and favourable climatic conditions for wheat cultivation. Standard agricultural practices were followed, including proper planting, crop management, and data collection. Statistical analysis revealed significant effects of zinc treatments on the evaluated traits. Zinc-treated groups generally exhibited higher values for biological yield, grain yield, number of tillers, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, plant height, and spike length than the control group. The results of this study suggest that applying zinc, particularly at specific doses, can significantly improve wheat crop traits and enhance overall productivity. The findings have implications for agricultural practices, highlighting the importance of zinc supplementation in optimizing crop yield. Further research and field trials are recommended to investigate the underlying mechanisms and optimize zinc dosage and application methods for maximum efficacy. By shedding light on the effects of zinc supplementation on wheat crops, this research contributes to our understanding of the role of nutrients in promoting agricultural productivity. The findings support the potential use of zinc as a beneficial nutrient for sustainable agriculture, ultimately aiding food security.
Copyright (c) 2024 A HAMID, A SHAHZAD, Z HUSSAIN, A RAUF, A SAEED, A HUSSAIN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
GENETIC VARIATION AND ASSOCIATION OF VARIOUS CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) TRAITS AT SEEDLING STAGE
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the world's second most important legume crop. Because of its high nutritional content, capacity to adapt to many climates, and ability to fix nitrogen, it is significant for global food security and sustainable practices. At the University of the Punjab's Experimental Area, a pot experiment was conducted in October 2023 to evaluate the genetic variability and correlation of diverse morphological characteristics among distinct chickpea genotypes throughout the seedling phase. Three replications with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were used. The following characteristics were assessed: leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), leaf area (LA), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), seedling biomass (SB), and R-S ratio. Standard statistical analysis also calculated genetic variability, heritability (h2bs), and genetic advance (GA). Seedling biomass, leaf area, and leaf width showed high genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV), heritability and genetic advance. These genotypes can be selected to develop desirable varieties based on these parameters.
Copyright (c) 2023 AU REHMAN, M UZAIR (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
PHYSIOLOGICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF MAIZE TO ABIOTIC RESPONSES
This review paper thoroughly analyses maize's morphological, physiological, and phytochemical responses to different abiotic stressors. As a staple cereal crop of global importance, maize has several challenges that significantly impact its growth and yield, including salinity, drought, and extreme temperatures. Climate change will generally impact plants' abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms, and maize specifically, despite many unanswered questions. Despite this, it is still impossible to draw wide conclusions because plants react differently to various stresses at different times. The review synthesizes current knowledge on the morphological adaptations, encompassing changes in root architecture and leaf morphology, as strategies maize employs to navigate adverse environmental conditions. Additionally, the article examines the physiological responses of maize, shedding light on mechanisms that enhance stress tolerance, including adjustments in water use efficiency, pH and the activation of cellular protective pathways. Furthermore, the review delves into the dynamic alterations in phytochemical profiles, highlighting maize's capacity to synthesize secondary metabolites as part of its adaptive arsenal. This comprehensive exploration of maize's responses to abiotic stressors contributes valuable insights for researchers, breeders, and policymakers working towards developing resilient maize varieties and sustainable agricultural practices in an ever-changing environment.
Copyright (c) 2023 M ASHRAF (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
BREEDING CROP PLANTS USING MOLECULAR GENETICS, GENOMICS, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Over the previous nearly 40 years, several different kinds of molecular markers techniques have been developed and successfully applied to breeding several important crops. Now that they have been reduced to a few favoured DNA-based marker types, the focus is on modifying the technologies to work with various crop plants and trees. This Special Issue features research and review papers that highlight the power of molecular breeding by combining genetic markers with other conventional breeding techniques to improve crop quality. The ongoing improvement and upkeep of quality through breeding is challenged by a changing climate and the use of molecular markers to enable the direct introgression of traits into elite breeding lines. Precise plant phenotyping in various environments and seasons is necessary for increased fertilizer efficiency, but this was previously costly. It is now less expensive thanks to genetic engineering, DNA sequencing, and PCR-based marker-assisted selection. New techniques like next-generation sequencing can target crop development that responds to climate change.
Copyright (c) 2023 A RAZA (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A NEW METHOD FOR PLANT BREEDING THROUGH THE USE OF PLANT TISSUE CULTURE
Plant tissue culture techniques have been created as a novel tool to support plant breeders in crop improvement perspectives as an enabling and developing technology. To improve the accessibility of currently available germplasm, generate new genetic variation for crop improvement, and accomplish goals that are not achievable through traditional breeding methods, these innovative tools can be used to either speed up or increase the efficiency of the breeding process. These include eliminating pathogens from planting materials, removing sexual incompatibility using an embryo rescue technique, producing haploids via anther culture, utilizing protoplast technology for somatic hybridization, utilizing gene transformation in transgenic technology, and, above all, inducing new genetic variability through somaclonal variation and the selection of desired agronomic traits. Therefore, the plant tissue culture method holds great promise for producing exceptional quality plants and selecting beneficial variants in highly productive genotypes that are well-adapted and have improved stress tolerance and disease resistance capacity.
Copyright (c) 2023 M KHALIL, MS SARWAR, HM TARIQ, MU FAROOQ, MZ ULLAH (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ANTI-PARASITIC ACTIVITIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
Medicinal plants have been used locally all over the world due to their availability, accessibility, affordability, and their antiparasitic properties. Several types of medicinal plants have been used due to their activities against protozoans and helminths. Parasitic diseases are one of the major public health problems. More than three billion cases of parasitic diseases are reported yearly worldwide. This review focuses on various medicinal plants with antiparasitic properties due to their specific mode of action and their efficacy against protozoans and helminths. In most circumstances, parasites become resistant to vaccines and other therapeutics, so medicinal plants play a crucial role against parasites. These medicinal plants with antiparasitic activities due to their secondary metabolites have been studied under controlled experiments. There should be an advanced assessment of medicinal plants for their use in pharmaceutics. Further studies are needed to understand the active ingredients of medicinal plants and their antiparasitic activities.
Copyright (c) 2024 M SAQLAIN, Z WASIF, Q ALI, S HAYAT (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EFFICIENCY OF HARDWOOD TREES (SHEESHAM, SIRIS) SAWDUST FOR YIELD PRODUCTION OF (PLEUROTUS DJAMOR) WITH CORN FLOUR AS A SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Mushroom cultivation is a very useful business to produce protein-enriched food by decomposing lignin-containing substances. To investigate the effectiveness of saw dusts of hardwood trees (Sheesham and Siris) along with supplement (corn flour) research was carried out in the mushroom house, Department of Plant Pathology, UAF. The local strain of O. mushroom (Pleurotus djamor) was studied for evaluation of mycelia growth, formation of pinhead, formation of fruiting bodies, quantity of fruiting bodies, yield production from 1st, 2nd and 3rd flushes, total yield and biological efficiency. RCBD design was used in this experiment. The results show that treatment four has the fastest mycelium growth, the first pinhead formation, the fastest pinhead formation, and the highest yield (yield per unit area). But, as was already said, putting too much of the supplement on the substrate can make it dirty and lower the yield. It is very important to be very careful to get the best crop yield. In the end, the study gives us a way to start growing P. djamor on sawdust-based substrates. This could be used to raise the market value of this healing and highly nutritious mushroom.
Copyright (c) 2024 B HASSAN, NA KHAN, M HADI, A ABBAS (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Among the most significant pollution concerns are heavy metals. The aquatic ecology and aquatic organisms are seriously threatened by heavy metals because of their non-biodegradable nature. When heavy metal concentrations are beyond their safety threshold, fish may experience negative consequences. The main category of pollutants in any industrial discharge is made up of heavy metals because they are frequently used in all industrial applications. As cofactors for several enzymes and necessities for metabolic processes, several heavy metals, including Zn, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Fe, and Mn are vital. Fish physiology, metabolism, growth, development, and reproduction are all adversely affected by waterborne heavy metals. Fish development defects can result from heavy metal sensitivity in their early stages. Additionally, normal fish behaviors like swimming and spawning are negatively impacted by heavy metals. Many heavy metals are thought to be vital nutrients that benefit fish health, but when concentrations of these metals rise, they become deadly for both fish and humans who consume them. Because a sizable portion of the population eats fish, human health is also at risk. Ecological system disruption is also a result of heavy metals. In this review, we assessed the impact of various heavy metals on fish health and also provided information that is currently known regarding the effects of heavy metals on fish physiology, behaviour, growth, development, and reproduction. Fish endocrine disruption is mostly caused by heavy metals. Many more studies on metal interactions are required to reach the point of likelihood.
Copyright (c) 2024 Z WASIF, M SAQLAIN, S HAYAT, S MAHMOOD, S SULEMAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS GLOBAL REGULATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR FOOD SECURITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Genetic engineering and plant transformation play crucial roles in enhancing crops by introducing beneficial foreign genes or suppressing native gene expression. Genetically modified crops offer advantages such as herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, tolerance to abiotic stress, disease resistance, and improved nutrition. Transgenic technology integration has shown significant advantages, such as increased crop yields, less dependence on pesticides and insecticides, decreased CO2 emissions, and decreased crop production costs. In contrast to transgenic crops, some other techniques can help produce crops without foreign genes, which may gain more consumer acceptance and quicker regulatory approvals. This review provides an extensive overview of various accomplishments in genetic modifications and their present status.
Copyright (c) 2024 MA ULLAH, MA AHMAD, I JAVED, M SHAFIQ, SHUH SHERAZI, R WALEED (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ROLE OF PLANT BREEDING TO MAINTAINING FOOD SECURITY IN THE FACE OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
As the global population expands and the number of individuals employed in agriculture rises, these elements exert an adverse influence on global production. Since crop output and population growth are not maintaining pace, it is becoming increasingly difficult to provide food for the world's expanding population, which is expanding geometrically while crop productivity is increasing arithmetically. Thus, plant breeding plays a key role in the development of high-yielding cultivars to ensure food security. Modern biotechnological techniques along with traditional plant breeding practices can speed up the laborious and lengthy process of variety development having high yields and quality.
Copyright (c) 2024 MQ RAZA, N HAMEED, S BASHARAT, A ASGHAR, A BINT-E-ZAFAR, MF MUSHTAQ, NU AIN, M TOUQEER, R FATIMA, A AKHLAQ (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON CROP PRODUCTION
Global food security and agricultural productivity are threatened by climate change. The temperature increases due to the greenhouse effect as greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere increase. Increased CO2 concentrations, which contribute substantially to greenhouse gas emissions, have enhanced plant growth and productivity due to improved photosynthesis. Conversely, elevated temperatures undermine this benefit through the subsequent consequences of disrupting crop maturation, accelerating vegetation migration, intensifying insect infestations, impeding crop respiration rate, and augmenting evapotranspiration. The quantity and activity of soil microorganisms and enzymes are both impacted by climate change. This review examines scientific publication data about climate change, encompassing its probable origins, immediate consequences, and agricultural ramifications arising from its impacts on plant metabolism and physiology. Additionally, the economic repercussions, known and potential impacts on insect infestation, agricultural output, and plant growth, and mitigation strategies are examined in this study.
Copyright (c) 2024 F MUSHTAQ, MH AKRAM, M USMAN, M MOHSIN, MS NAWAZ (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Lahore, one of the most industrialized and concreted cities of Pakistan with the highest population density is experiencing severe smog, which has created environmental problems. Scattered smoke is a result of vehicular exhaust, industrial discharges, and farming biomass burning, whereby meteorological and geographical conditions, especially from October to December make the situation worse. Air pollution in Lahore results in large health risks, including respiratory and cardiovascular ailments, foremost mental health disorders, and potential learning gaps with higher consequences on sensitive groups. The socio-economic impacts are also worst which include productivity loss, pressure on the health facilities, interruption of school sessions, and a drop in tourism. The poor are most heavily impacted, particularly those living close to industrial zones. There is also action taken to stop smog such as the Punjab Clean Air Action Plan and Lahore Smog Control Ordinance but the enforcement has been poor because of financial and infrastructural constraints. Awareness programmes and technology applications including those for air quality demonstrate a potential but challenges include, expensive and scarce resources. Strategies and tactics can consist of sharper regulation of emissions, the extension of the monitoring networks, the introduction of financial enticements and incentives for sustainable farming, and more extensive overall public awareness programs. The other important thing, which should be the activities of concern to help solve the problem, is cooperation with other countries and using their experience of how they manage to control air pollution successfully in other cities.
Copyright (c) 2024 A MALIK, J ISLAM, G ZAIB, A ZAHID, AR RASHID, S KHAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS FOR MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN BARLEY
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop cultivated globally for its various uses in food, feed, and beverage industries. Developing high-yielding barley cultivars with desirable agronomic traits is crucial for meeting the growing demands of a rising global population. This study employed a line × tester mating design to evaluate the combining ability and genetic potential of diverse barley lines for key morphological characteristics. The research aimed to identify superior parental combinations and promising F1 hybrids with high specific combining ability (SCA) for further breeding programs. A set of four diverse barley lines were crossed with three well-adapted testers. The resulting F1 hybrids, along with their parental lines, were evaluated for various morphological traits, including plant height, days to headings, 1000 grains weight, spike length, grains per spike, and grain yield per plant. Data analysis revealed significant variation among genotypes for all evaluated traits. General combining ability (GCA) and SCA effects were estimated, and promising lines and hybrid combinations exhibiting high GCA and SCA for desirable traits were identified. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of morphological traits in barley and highlight the potential of line × tester analysis in identifying superior parental combinations for breeding programs aimed at developing improved barley cultivars with enhanced agronomic performance.
Copyright (c) 2024 MNN KALYAR, MA ULLAH, A FAROOQ, MHM KALYAR, KD SHAH, A ABBAS (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
MODERN TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE CROP PLANTS
In plant science selection plays a key breeding approach for improving economic features in many plants’ kind. Selection techniques vary based on the mechanism of reproduction. Self-pollinated crops employ pure line and mass selection methods, whereas cross-pollinated crops use recurrent selection. Vegetative propagated plants use clonal selection. Regardless of Phenotypic recurrent selection is a successful approach for enhancing polygenic features. While increasing the frequency of desirable genes for economic characters can help maintain high genetic variability in heterozygous populations, the efficiency and effectiveness of this approach may not be satisfactory in most cases. This is due to phenotypic selection being influenced by environmental factors and genotypic selection taking at least 2-3 crop seasons per cycle. Molecular marker technology allows for faster and more efficient selection, as it is unaffected by environmental factors. Marker Assisted Recurrent Selection is a key strategy in molecular breeding because it allows for multiple QTLs to control complex traits, unlike Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Backcrossing.
Copyright (c) 2024 M UZAIR, A ABBAS, AU REHMAN, MZ HAIDER (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
TWO DECADES OF TWENTY IST CENTURY: POPULATION AND WHEAT GROWTH OF PAKISTAN
Copyright (c) 2024 M WASEEM, G KHALIQ, W BASHIR, S KHAN (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EVALUATION OF TOXIC EFFECTS OF XYLENE IN LABEO ROHITA L.
The aquaculture farming of aquatic animals is an important source of food in Asia and worldwide. Aquaculture includes a stream, a lake the ocean, or an estuary. Present research work aimed to estimate the toxic effect of xylene on Labeo rohita. For the experimental study, Fish were collected from Manawa Hatchery, Lahore, Pakistan. Forty selected fish were divided into different four groups. To compare the toxic effects of xylene in different concentrations were applied ranging from 5ml, 10ml, and 15ml xylene up to 30 days. The blood of fish was collected individually from every group using standard methods and blood samples of different fish samples were also tested through different standard protocols. It was found from results that the complete blood count of fish was negatively correlated with xylene, as white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBCs), and complete blood count (CBC) reduce with an increase in the concentration of xylene. The results suggested that waste and or use of xylene should be controlled to avoid losses through diseases and toxicity in fish as well as other aquatic animals.
Copyright (c) 2025 N KIRAN, R WALEED, Q HAYYAT, SHUH SHERAZI, S ISHAQ (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0